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Biotic Crust Project Microscopic wonder of the desert world. http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/bcp/
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General References on Biotic Crusts and Taxonomy of Crust OrganismsAlpert, P. and W.C. Oechel. 1985. Carbon balance limits the microdistribution of Grimmia laevigata, a desiccation-tolerant plant. Ecology 66:660-669. Anderson, D.C. and S.R. Rushforth. 1976. The cryptogamic flora of desert soil crusts in southern Utah. Nova Hedwigia 28:691-729. Anderson, D.C., K.T. Harper and R.C. Holmgren. 1982a. Factors influencing development of cryptogamic soil crusts in Utah deserts. Journal of Range Management 35:180-185. Anderson, D.C., K.T. Harper and S.R. Rushforth. 1982b. Recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges. Journal of Range Management 35:355-359. Archibald, P.A. and H.C. Bold. 1970. Phycological Studies. XI. The genus Chlorococcum Meneghini. The University of Texas Publication No. 7015. Ashley, J., S.R. Rushforth and J.R. Johansen. 1985. Soil algae of cryptogamic crusts from the Uintah Basin, Utah, U.S.A. Great Basin Naturalist 45:432-442. Belnap, J. 1996. Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts. Biology and Fertility of Soils 23:362-367. Bischoff, H.W. and H.C. Bold. 1963. Phycological Studies. IV. Some soil algae from Enchanted Rock and related algal species. The University of Texas Publication No. 6318. Bold, H.C. and M.J. Wynne. 1978. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 706 pp. Boyer S.L., V.R. Flechtner, and J.R. Johansen. 2001. Is the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region a good tool for use in molecular systematics and population genetics? A case study in cyanobacteria. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18:1057-1069. Boyer S.L., J.R. Johansen, and V.R. Flechtner. 2002. Phylogeny and genetic variance in terrestrial Microcoleus (Cyanophyceae) species based on sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene and associated 16S-23S ITS region. Journal of Phycology 38: 1222-1235. Breuss, O. and B. McCune. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97:365-370. Brotherson, J.D. and S.R. Rushforth. 1983. Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of soils in Navajo National Monument, Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist 43:73-78. Brown, M.C. and H.C. Bold. 1964. Phycological Studies. V. Comparative studies of the algal genera Tetracystis and Chlorococcum. The University of Texas Publication No. 6417. Cameron, R.E. 1960. Communities of soil algae occurring in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 1:85-88. Cameron, R.E. 1961. Algae of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson. 118 pp. Cameron, R.E. 1962. Species of Nostoc Vaucher Occurring in the Sonoran Desert inArizona. Transactions, American Microscopical Society 81:379-384. Cameron, R.E. 1963. Algae of southern Arizona. Part I. Introduction -- blue-green algae. Revue Algologique 6:282-318. Cameron, R.E. 1964a. Algae of southern Arizona. Part II. Algal Flora (exclusive of blue-green algae). Revue Algologique 7:151-177. Cameron, R.E. 1964b. Terrestrial algae of southern Arizona. Transactions, American Microscopical Society 83:212-218. Cameron, R.E. and G.B. Blank. 1966. Desert algae: soil crusts and diaphanous substrata as algal habitats. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report 32-971. Casamatta, D.A., J.R. Johansen, M.L. Vis, and S. Broadwater. 2005. Molecular and morphological characterization of ten polar and near polar strains within the Oscillatoriales (Cyanobacteria). Journal of Phycology 41: 421-438. Chantanachat, S. and H.C. Bold. 1962. Phycological Studies. II. Some algae from arid soils. The University of Texas Publication No. 6218. Deason, T.R. and H.C. Bold. 1960. Phycological Studies. I. Exploratory studies of Texas soil algae. The University of Texas Publication No. 6022. Deason, T.R., P.C. Silva, S. Watanabe and G.L. Floyd. 1991. Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genus Neochloris. Plant Systematics and Evolution 177:213-219. Durrell, L.W. 1959. Algae in Colorado soils. American Midland Naturalist 61:322-328 Durrell, L.W. 1962. Algae of Death Valley. Transactions, American Microscopical Society 81:267-278. Egan, R.S. 1972. Catalog of the lichens of New Mexico. Bryologist 75:7-35. Evans, R.D. and J.R. Johansen. 1999. Microbiotic crusts and ecosystem processes. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18(2):183-225. Flowers, S. 1973. Mosses: Utah and the West. Brigham Young University Press, Provo, Utah. 567 pp. Flechtner, V.R. 1999. Enigmatic desert soil algae. Pages 231-241 in: Seckbach, J.(ed.), Enigmatic Algae from Extreme Environments. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Flechtner, V.R., J.R. Johansen and W.H. Clark. 1998. Algal composition of microbiotic crusts from the central desert of Baja California, Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 58:295-311. Flechtner V.R., S.L. Boyer, J.R. Johansen and M.L. DeNoble. 2002. Spirirestis rafaelensis gen. et sp. nov. (Cyanophyceae). Nova Hedwigia 74:1-24. George, D.B., B.A. Roundy, L.L. St. Clair, J.R. Johansen, G.B. Schaalje, and B.L. Webb. 2003. The effects of microbiotic soil crusts on soil water loss. Arid Land Research and Management 17: 113-125. Grondin, A. and J.R. Johansen. 1993. Microbial spatial heterogeneity in microbiotic crusts in Colorado National Monument. I. Algae. Great Basin Naturalist 53:24-30. Groover, R.D. and H.C. Bold. 1969. Phycological Studies. VIII. The taxonomy and comparative physiology of the Chlorosarcinales and certain other edaphic algae. The University of Texas Publication No. 6907. Harper, K.T. and J.R. Marble. 1988. A role for nonvascular plants in management of arid and semiarid rangeland. Pages 135-169 in: Tueller, P.T. (ed.), Vegetation science applications for rangeland analysis and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany. Harthill, M.P., D.M. Long and B.D. Mishler. 1979. Preliminary list of southern California mosses. Bryologist 82:260-267. Hunt, C.D. and L.W. Durrell. 1966. Distribution of fungi and algae. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 509:55-66. Johansen, J.R. 1993. Cryptogamic crusts of semiarid and arid lands of North America. Journal of Phycology 29:140-147. Johansen, J.R., J. Ashley and W.R. Rayburn. 1993. Effects of rangefire on soil algal crusts in semiarid shrub-steppe of the lower Columbia Basin and their subsequent recovery. Great Basin Naturalist 53:73-88. Johansen, J.R. and S.R. Rushforth. 1985. Cryptogamic crusts: seasonal variation in algal populations in the tintic Mountains, Juab county, Utah, U.S.A. Great Basin Naturalist 45:14-21. Johansen, J.R., S.R. Rushforth and J.D. Brotherson. 1981. Subaerial algae of Navajo National Monument, Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist 41:433-439. Johansen, J.R. and L.L. St. Clair. 1986. Cryptogamic soil crusts: recovery from grazing near Camp Floyd State Park, Utah, U.S.A. Great Basin Naturalist 46:632-640. Johansen, J.R., L.L. St. Clair, B.L. Webb and G.T. Nebeker. 1984. Recovery patterns of cryptogamic soil crusts in desert rangelands following fire disturbance. Bryologist 87:238-243. Johansen, J.R. and L.E. Shubert. 2001. Algae in soils. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 123:295-304. Johansen, J.R., C. Britton, T.C. Rosati, L. Xuesong, L.L. St. Clair, B.L. Webb, A.J. Kennedy, and K.S. Yanko. 2001. Microbiotic soil crusts of the Mojave Desert: factors influencing distribution and abundance. Nova Hedwigia 123: 339-370. Kleiner, E.F. and K.T. Harper. 1972. Environment and community organization in the grasslands of Canyonlands National Park. Ecology 53:299-309. Klopatek, J.M. 1993. Cryptogamic crusts as indicators of disturbance in semi-arid landscapes. In: McKenzie, D. and J. McDonald (eds.), Ecological Indicators. Elsevier Science Publishers, Brisbane, UK. Knight, K.B., D.R. Clements, L.F. Gordillo, J.I. Jefferies, D. Tilley, T.J. Workman, A.F. Lloyd, and L.L. St. Clair. 2002. The lichen flora of two sites in the Mojave Desert, California, USA. Mycotaxon 84: 27-32. Lewis, L. A. 2007. Chlorophyta on land. Independent lineages of green eukaryotes from arid lands. In: J. Seckbach (ed.) Extremophilic Algae, Cyanobacteria and non-photosynthetic Protists: From Prokaryotes to Astrobiology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Lewis, L. A. and V. R. Flechtner. 2004. Cryptic species of Scenedesmus from desert soils of western North America. Journal of Phycology 40: 1127-1137. Lewis, L. A. and V. R. Flechtner. 2002. Green algae (Chlorophyta) of desert microbiotic crusts: diversity of North American taxa. Taxon 51: 443-451. Lewis, L. A. and P. O. Lewis. 2005. Unearthing the molecular phylodiversity of desert soil green algae (Chlorophyta). Systematic Biology 54: 936-947. Li, X. 2000. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Nostoc species from six different sites in the Mojave Desert. M.S. Thesis, John Carroll University, Cleveland, OH. Magill, R.E. 1982. Bryophytes of the southwestern United States. Pages 461-465 in: Geissler, P. and S.W. Greene (eds.), Bryophyte Taxonomy. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 71:461-465. Marble, J.R. and Harper, K.T. 1989. Effect of timing of grazing on soil-surface cryptogamic communities in a Great Basin low shrub desert: a preliminary report. Great Basin Naturalist 49:104-107. Metting, B. 1991. Biological surface features of semiarid lands and deserts. Pages 257-293 in: Skujins, J. (ed.), Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation. Marcel Dekker, New York. Mishler, B.D. 1994. Tortula. In: Sharp, A., H. Crum and P. Eckel (eds.), The Moss Flora of Mexico, Pt. 1. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 69:319-350. Mishler, B.D. and M.J. Oliver. 1991. Gametophytic phenology of Tortula ruralis, a desiccation-tolerant moss, in the Organ Mountains of Southern New Mexico. Bryologist 94:143-153. Nash, T.H. and A.B. Johnson. 1975. Catalog of the lichens of Arizona. Bryologist 78:7-24. Newberry, C.C. 1991. Lichens of the Uinta Mountains and adjacent intermountain North America. Masterís Thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. 236 pp. Payne, M.C. 2001. Taxonomic resolution of Leptolyngbya utilizing the 16S rRNA gene sequence. M.S. Thesis, John Carroll University, Cleveland, OH. Rajvanshi, F., L.L. St. Clair, B.L. Webb, and C.C. Newberry. 1998. The terricolous lichen flora of the San Rafael Swell, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A. pp. 399-406 in: Glenn, M., M. Cole, R. Dirig & R. Harris (eds.) Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon, LTD, Ithaca, NY. Rogers, R.W. and R.T. Lange. 1971. Lichen populations on arid soil crusts around sheep watering places in South Australia. Oikos 22:93-100. Rosentretter, R. 1993. Vagrant lichens of North America. Bryologist 96:333-338. Rosentretter, R. 1997. Conservation and management of vagrant lichens in the Northern Great Basin, USA. Pages 242-248 in: Kaye, T.N., A. Liston, R.M. Love, D.L. Luoma, R.J. Meinke and M.V. Wilson (eds.), Conservation and Management of Native Plants and Fungi. Native Plant society of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon. Rosentretter, R. and B. McCune. 1992. Vagrant Dermatocarpon in western NorthAmerica. Bryologist 95:15-19. Schroeder, N.E., G.J. Schroeder and D.E. Anderegg. 1975. Catalog of the lichens ofIdaho. Bryologist 78:32-43. Shields, L.M. and F. Drouet. 1962. Distribution of terrestrial algae within the Nevada Test Site. American Journal of Botany 49:547-554. Shushan, S. and R.A. Anderson. 1969. Catalog of the lichens of Colorado. Bryologist 72:451-483. Spence, J.R. 1988. Checklist of the mosses of the Intermountain West, USA. Great Basin Naturalist 48:394-401. Stark, L.R. 1996. The status of Weissia sweetii, a species endemic to the southwestern United States. Bryologist 99:345-348. Stark, L.R. 1997. Phenology and reproductive biology of Syntrichia inermis (Bryopsida, Pottiaceae) in the Mojave Desert. Bryologist 100:13-27. Stark, L.R. and R.C. Castetter. 1987. A gradient analysis of bryophyte populations in a desert mountain range. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 45:186-197. Stark, L.R. and R.C. Castetter. 1995. Phenology of Trichostomum perligulatum (Pottiaceae,Bryopsida) in the Chihuahuan Desert. Bryologist 98:389-397. St. Clair, L.L. In press. Color Guidebook to Common Western Lichens. Brigham Young University Press. St. Clair, L.L. and J.R. Johansen. 1993. Introduction to the symposium on soil crust communities. Great Basin Naturalist 53:1-4. St. Clair, L.L., J.R. Johansen and B.L. Webb. 1986. Rapid stabilization of fire-disturbed sites using a soil crust slurry: inoculation studies. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 4:261-269. St. Clair, L.L., J.R. Johansen and S.R. Rushforth. 1993. Lichens of soil crust communities in the Intermountain Area of the western United States. Great Basin Naturalist 53:5-12. St. Clair, L.L., Newberry, C.C. 1991. Preliminary lichen biomonitoring program and air quality baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness areas of Coronado, Coconino, Kiabab, Prescott, and Tonto National Forests Arizona. Final Report, Chiricahua Wilderness Area, National Forest Service. 56 pp. St. Clair, L.L. and R.B. Warrick. 1987. Acarospora nodulosa (Duf.) Hue. var. nodulosa: A new record for North America. Bryologist 90:48-49. St. Clair, L.L., B.L. Webb, J.R. Johansen and G.T. Nebeker. 1984. Cryptogamic soil crusts: enhancement of seedling establishment in disturbed and undisturbed areas. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 3:129-136. Stoneburner, A. 1985. Variation and taxonomy of Weissia in the southwestern United States. II. Taxonomic Treatment. Bryologist 88:293-314. Stoneburner, A. and R. Wyatt. 1985. Variation and taxonomy of Weissia in the southwestern United States. I. Biometrical analyses. Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden 11:175-185. Thomson, J.W. 1987. The lichen genera Catapyreneum and Placidiopsis in North America. Bryologist 90:27-39. Thomson, J.W. 1989. Additions and a revised key to Catapyreneum in North America. Bryologist 92:190-193. Timdal, E. 1986. A revision of Psora (Lecideaceae) in North America. Bryologist 89:253-275. Timdal, E. 1990. Gypsoplacaceae and Gypsoplaca, a new family and genus of squamiform lichens. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38:419-427. Vincent, J. 2001. 16S rRNA analysis of Nostoc from six sites within the Mojave Desert. M.S. Thesis, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH. Weber, W.A. 1973. Guide to the mosses of colorado. Occasional Papers of the Institute of Arctic Alpine Research 6. West, N.E. 1990 Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wild ecosystems of arid to semiarid regions. Advances in ecological Research 20:179-223. Zander, R.H. 1993. Genera of the Pottiaceae: mosses of harsh environments. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 32:1-378. Zander, R.H., L.R. Stark and G. Marrs-Smith. 1995. Didymodon nevadensis, a new species for North America, with comments on phenology. Bryologist 98:590-595. |